主權在民是王道－「民為貴，社稷次之，君為輕。」（上）



孟子提倡或不提倡「尊王攘夷"to swear allegiance to the royal family and to protect the kingdom from the invasion of barbarians or foreigners"」？

「仲尼之徒，無道桓文之事。是以後世無傳焉，臣未之聞也。無以，則王乎？"There were none of the disciples of Chung-ni who spoke about the affairs of Hwan and Wan, and therefore they have not been transmitted to these after-ages, your servant has not heard them, if you will have me speak, let it be about royal government(or popular sovereignty). James Legge, The Works of Mencius, op cit., p.138"」（孟子梁惠王上）

　　孟子直截了當，回答齊宣王：孔子門生不談齊桓公、晉文公的霸業。所以，孔門後代弟子不傳述，我也就無從聽聞。君王所問的事，誠然無可奉告，願聞王道？

　　孟子不提倡尊王攘夷？只提倡王道！

　　「桓公九合諸侯，不以兵車，管仲之力。"The duke Hwan assembled all the princes together (nine times), and that not with weapons of war and chariots, it was all through the influence of Kwan Chung. James Legge, Confucian Analects,op cit., p.282"」（論語憲問）

　　齊桓公九次會合諸侯，締結盟約，共同效忠周王室，不必動用兵車武力，完全是管仲的功勞。

　　「管仲相桓公，霸諸侯，─匡天下，民到于今受其賜。微管仲，吾其被髮左衽矣"Kwan Chung acted as prime minister to duke Hwan, made him leader of all the princes, and united and rectified the whole kingdom. Down to the present day, the people enjoy the gifts which he conferred. But for (or Without) Kwan Chung, we should now be wearing our hair unbound, and the lippets of our coats buttoning on the left side. Ibid"」（同上）

　　管仲擔任齊桓公的宰相，治理齊地，民富兵強，使得桓公成為諸侯盟主，誓言「尊周室，攘夷狄，禁篡弒，抑兼併。」─再匡正天下諸侯的僭越，和卿大夫的篡位，團結諸侯，北擊山戎，南伐楚國。直到現在，周天下人民得以生活安寧，皆拜管仲的厚賜。假定沒有管仲，我們都要被迫，編髮結辮或披頭散髮，衣襟左開或左扣，─副蠻夷之邦、化外之民的打扮！

　　孔子說過，「志士仁人，無求生以害仁，有殺身以成仁。"The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue complete. Ibid. p.297"」（論語衛靈公）所以孔子的門生，如子路、子貢，認為管仲沒有追隨公子糾而殉死─殺身以成仁，不是志士仁人？

　　孔子認為，管仲輔佐齊桓公完成上述「尊王攘夷」的功業，是仁人志士！

　　仁人志士不必同於一般平民百姓，為了小節，自盡於荒野溝渠，誰在乎他們是誰！

　　孔子肯定管仲是仁人志士，因為，管仲輔佐齊桓公完成「尊王攘夷」的功業，因此，孔子肯定「尊王攘夷」？！

　　既然孟子自承是孔門後代弟子，能不提倡「尊王攘夷」？

　　尊王攘夷不是王道？

　　假定尊王是王道，如何「尊一夫紂"to swear allegiance to the fellow Chau"」？

　　因此，孟子只提倡「王道」，不是提倡「尊王」。

　　因為，王道是基於「天與之，民與之"Heaven gave it to him, the people gave it to him"」「天受之，民受之"Heaven accepted him, the people accepted him"」的主權在民原理。故謂：「民為貴，社稷次之，君為輕。"The people are the most important element in a nation, the spirits of the land and grain are the next, the sovereign(the emperor) is the lightest. James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., p.483"」（孟子盡心下）

 (取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)

Alex Pan TheWalker

2011.12.15

2014/4/28再貼出