2014年5月3日 星期六

黃金時代的結束(一)


「黃金時代-虛妄野心、邪惡慾念腐化人心,致而曲解真正權力與榮譽之前(所有人)較具德性。因此,統治者較賢明,劣民亦較少。"The Golden Age (before vain Ambition, and amor sceleratus habendi, evil Concupiscence, had corrupted mens minds into a mistake of true Power and Honour ) had more Virtue, and consequently better Governours, as well as less vicious Subjects."
且,一方面,統治者不伸張特權壓迫人民。因之,另一方面,人民對於特權無所爭論,不必減弱或限制執政者的權力。"And, there was then no stretching Prerogative on the one side to oppress the People; nor consequently on the other any Dispute about Priviledge, to lessen or restrain the Power of the Magistrate.
如此,統治者與人民之間,對於統治與政府諸事,無所爭執。"And so no contest betwixt Rulers and People about Governours or Government."
(John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, §. 111)
洛克(John Locke, 1632-1704)上述所稱的黃金時代,不指處於自然狀態(State of Nature)的人類社會,而指人民締結社會契約(social contract)而建立政府,其某階段的政治社會或公民社會(political society or civil society)
鑒於個人執行自然法的偏頗與失當,因此,人民互相同意、和平締結社會契約,結束自然狀態,建立政府,以保障所有人的自然權利。
人民依社會契約,移轉其執行自然法權利給予政府,但是完整保留其生命、自由與財產等自然權利。故而,自然權利不可移轉、不可剝奪。
政府的權力來自人民的託付。人民可解除與撤銷此等權力的信託關係。而政府執行此等信託權力,其目的在保障所有人的自然權利。政府只是手段而非目的。
故而,源自人民的授權與不逾越授權範圍的權力,才是真正權力。忠於此權力行使的目的與達成權力行使目的,始有榮譽可言。這就是洛克所稱黃金時代的衡準。
洛克重視法治(Rule of Law),不標榜德治(Rule by virtue),因此,在統治者認清真正權力與榮譽的前提下,並在善意的推定下,「統治者與人民之間,對於統治與政府之事,無所爭執。」「不必減弱或限制執政者的權力。」此政治社會仍處於黃金時代。
「於未來時期,當野心與淫樂導致權力緊抓不捨與無限增加,而不作正當用途。且,再加上媚佞之言唆使君王區別與分離其人民的利益,人民乃發覺必要較仔細檢驗政府的來源與權力,並研擬限制權力無節制的辦法,與防止權力的濫用,蓋此權力乃人民僅為其利益而委託他人,然,發覺竟而用來傷害他們。"Yet, when Ambition and Luxury, in future Ages would retain and increase the Power , without doing the business, for which it was given , and aided by Flattery, taught Princes to have distinct and separate Interests from their People, Men found it necessary to examine more carefully the Original and Rights of Government, and to find out ways to restrain the Exorbitances, and prevent the Abuses of that Power which they having intrusted in another's hands only for their own good, they found was made use of to hurt them."(Ibid.)
人民發現託付政府的權力,原本用來保護人民的自然權利,竟然,用來傷害人民的自然權利!
黃金時代已結束,孔子所謂天下無道已呈現,(見論語季氏),如何因應?
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.17
2014.05.03再貼出

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