"to know the ordinances of Heaven-The Natural Law and Natural Laws" "to establish the Kingship-The Popular Sovereignty" 。
「民以食為天。"Food is The Heaven of all People."」
堯選擇舜,接替其氏族部落共主的地位。
為什麼?
舜種田養家,無怨無悔, 而且,自己耕作、 教導他人耕作,表現「人飢己飢"If any one suffered hunger, it was as if he famished him."」 的仁道精神。
禹治水,展現「人溺己溺"If any one were drowned, it was as if he drowned him."」的仁道精神。
禹治好黃河和其中游支流的水患,便利廣大農民引水灌溉農田。並且,親自下田耕作。
故謂:「禹稷躬稼而有天下。"Yu and Chi personally wrought at toils of husbandry, and they became possessors of the kingdom."」(論語憲問)
教導人民種田的后稷,種田的大舜,治好水患又下田耕作的大禹。都被推舉為氏族部落的共主。
后稷堯舜禹先後建立農業社會的基礎,穩定供給人民充足糧食,「民以食為天 」,他們是 「上天」 ?不,他們知天命,從「四時行焉,百物生焉"The four seasons pursue their courses, and all things are continually being produced."」的自然現象,通曉自然法則,參贊天地的化育百物"to participate, assist the Heaven and Earth in transforming, nourishing all things",生生不息,滋養生民。並領悟自然法—上天的好生之德,即仁道,而以「人飢己飢,人溺己溺 」的精神(見孟子離婁下),表現此仁道。誠如上天送給萬民的「天子」。
同樣是萬民糧食的生產者和提供者,普天下農民—孔子所見的農民,在烈日下耕作,淪為佃農,不異農奴,其貴賤差異,如同天壤之別!孔子說道:「耕也,餒在其中矣!There is ploughing, even in that there is sometimes starvation !"(論語衛靈公)
農民竟然從「天子」降為「農奴」,猶不能免於飢餓!何其殘酷!
讀書人,尤其是謀道的君子、仁人、志士,「學也,祿在其中矣!"So with learning, emolument may be found in it !"」(同上)何其不仁!不公不義!
孟子繼承孔子的「王道」,發出師子吼"Simhanada; The lion's roar, symbolizing the voice of truth."!「說大人,則藐之!"Those who give counsel to the great should despise them. and not look at their pomp and display."」(孟子、盡心下)
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.07
2014.06.14再貼出
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