"to know the ordinances of Heaven-The Natural Law and Natural Laws" "to establish the Kingship-The Popular Sovereignty" 。
王道就在行"to practice"仁政。
行仁政在於「使民安居樂業"to live calmly, to work willingfully"」，「孝悌」行"to be carried on"於鄉里。
故而。「七十者衣帛食肉，黎民不飢不寒。"Persons of seventy wearing silk and eating flesh, and the black-haired people suffering neither from hunger nor cold. James Legge, The Works of Mencius, op cit., p. 132"」（孟子梁惠王上）王道就此建立。
但是為了鞏固王道，孟子更進一步提出「王道」的基本條件。
謂：
「無恒產有恒心者，惟士為能。"They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. Ibid. p. 147"」（同上）
沒有永久保有的產業，諸如田地、房舍、天然孳息等，而仍能保有、並堅定追求仁道的不變心志，安貧樂道，只有士、大夫以上的讀書人，才能做得到。
孔子說：「君子謀道不謀食。"The object of the superior man is truth, food is not his object."」（論語衛靈公）孟子亦說：「富貴不能淫，貧賤不能移，威武不能屈，此之謂大丈夫。"To be above the power of riches and honours to make dissipated, of poverty and mean condition to make swerve from principle, and of power and force to make bend-these characteristics constitute the great man. James Legge, The Works of Mencius, op cit., p.265" 」（孟子滕文公下）
「世祿制度"the institution of hereditary emolument or salaries"」的存在，的確，「學也，祿在其中矣！"So with learning, emolument may be found in it."」（論語同上）故而，孔門弟子有君子儒、小人儒之分別。孔子告誡子夏：「女為君子儒，無為小人儒。"Do you be a scholar after the style of the superior man, and not after that of the mean man.Ibid.,p.189"」（論語雍也）
孟子自我歸類為君子儒，故說：「無恆產而有恒心者，惟士為能。」，不能坐視「耕也，餒在其中矣！"There is ploughing, even in that there is sometimes want."」的不公不義，違反仁道！
「若民，則無恒產，因（而）無恒心。"As to people, if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart. James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., p.147"」（孟子梁惠王上）
一般平民百姓。尤其是生俱永久佃農身分的農民，因為欠缺永久保有的產業，諸如田地農舍、天然孳息等所有產權和財產權，生活毫無保障，奉養父母教育子女，都成問題。因而，無能力永久保有孝悌仁心，如何安居樂業？
「茍無恆心，放辟邪侈，無不為已，及陷於罪，然後從而刑之、是罔民也。"And if they have not a fixed heart, there is nothing which they will not do, in the way of self-abandonment, of moral deflection, of depravity, and of wild license. When they thus have been involved in crime, to follow them up and punish them.-this is to entrap the people. Ibid"」（同上）
如果喪失孝悌仁心，行為放蕩不拘，生活揮霍無度，作奸犯科無所不做，終於犯法、判刑。這不就是官方預設法網，等著人民陷入。
「焉有仁人在位，罔民而可為也？"How can such a thing as entrapping the people be done under the rule of a benevolent man? Ibid"（同上）
豈有在位仁君，架起法網，等著人民陷入？
仁道的基本條件，在平民百姓擁有恒產，始有恒心，而士人永不缺恒心。
孟子所以提出，「若民，則無恆產，因（而）無恒心。」旨在落實「耕者有其田」，因為助而不稅的九一井田制，沒有土地所有權的擁有，耕者（農民）無異農奴，豈人生而不平等若是！
恒心，士大夫等讀書人，啟發理性，服膺自己的道德良知，永遠自己故主，聽命於純粹理性的無上令言（Categorical Imperative）謂：「知天命！」
生命誠可貴，自由價更高，故而，孔曰成仁"Confucius said: The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not see to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue complete. James Legge, Confician Analects, op cit., p.297:（論語衛靈公），孟曰取義"Mencius said: So, I like life and I also like righteousness, if I cannot keep the two together, I will let life go, and choose righteousness. James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., p.411" 。（孟子告子上）。自由不可剝奪。
恒產，平民不可剝奪的自然權利─生命、自由與追求幸福等不可剝奪權利，沒有此等自然權利，豈有王道！
孟子在二千多年前發出的師子吼"voice of truth"，迄今仍不絕於耳"everlasting"！
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.11
2014.06.16再貼出
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