2014年4月30日 星期三

主權在民是王道-「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。」(下之一)


孟子的王道思想,源自堯舜的「禪讓政治」「天與之、天受之"Heaven gave it to him, Heaven accepted him."」「民與之、 民受之"The people gave it to him, the people accepted him."」「天視自我民視"Heaven sees according as my people see."」「天聽自我民聽"Heaven hears according as my people hear."」的主權在民概念。
  故謂:「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。是故,得乎丘民而為天子。"The people are the most important element in a nation, the spirits of the land and grain are the next, the sovereign(emperor) is the lightest. Therefore to gain the peasantry is the way to become sovereign(emperor).James Legge,The Works of Mencius,op cit.,p.483""孟子盡心下
  「三代之得天下也,以仁;其失天下也,以不仁。It was by benevolence that the three dynasties gained the throne, and by not being benevolent that they lost it.Ibid.p.293"」「天子不仁,不保四海,諸侯不仁,不保社稷,卿大夫不仁,不保宗廟,土庶人不仁,不保四體。"If the sovereign(emperor) be not benevolent, he cannot preserve the throne from passing from him. If the head of a state(the prince) be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his rule. If a high noble or great officer be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his ancestral temple. If a scholar or common man be not benevolent, he cannot preserve his four limbs.Ibid.p.294"孟子離婁上
  「仁」是王道的核心價值,仁政是王道的具體呈現。而孟子的仁政慨念,乃取法於西伯姬昌(周文王)的治理西歧,其所施行的仁政。
  周文王以「耕者九一"The husbandmen cultivated for the government one-ninth of the land",仕者世祿"The descendants of officers were enjoyed hereditary emolument"」等仁政(見孟子梁惠王下),治理西岐。
  耕者九一,即助而不稅的井田制,乃八家私百畝,同養百畝公田,替代稅賦,耕者有其田。因此,每戶五畝農舍,種桑養蠶養雞養豬,男耕女織,五十衣帛、七十食肉,不凍不餒。「孝悌」普行於鄉里,西伯善養老者,傳於四方。(孟子離婁上、盡心上)天下之農,皆悅而願耕於其野。(孟子公孫丑上)
  仕者世祿,即出仕做官的人,其子孫皆得繼承其俸祿,世世代代亨有祿田。仕者退職後,回歸田園生活,自力耕食。耕者有其田,世代子孫衣食豐足。故而,賢能俊傑之士,樂於效命西岐。(同上)
  「耕者九一」與「仕者世祿」,其精神乃在,「有恒產者,則有恒心"If they have a certain livelihood, it follows that they will have a fixed heart."」。旨在,使得農民、士人皆有恒產,以保持行仁的恒心。
  「恒產」「恒心」,已俱「不可剝奪權利」與「道德不能剝奪」的概念,乃王道不可或缺的元素。
  文王次子,姬發(周武王)在此仁政的基礎,得以號召天下,共同推翻紂王的暴政。然而,「井田制」與「世祿制」經納入封建體系後,恒產、恒心的概念,變成永遠不變(恒)的身分(status)。
  封建諸侯亨有世襲的爵位和封邑,士、大夫卿亦享有世襲的俸祿、祿田。因而,取得地主的永久地位。其恒產制度化,其恒心在乎?
  而農民成為永久世襲的佃農,沒有耕地的所有權,收成被層層剝削,恒產何在?離「農奴」不遠,其恒心何以存在?
尤其,封建貴族,得到天子的封賜,並未得到該封邑人民的同意,帶領大批軍隊和大量移民,到其封邑,鞏固其占領地區和征服土地,建立統治機制,強制執行井田制,已充分顯現封建制度本身內涵的殖民主義和帝國主義,要與王道背道而馳,仁政何以施展?
回歸「耕者有其田」,有恒產者,則有恒心,才有真正意義!
 (取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.22
2014/4/30,再貼出

2014年4月29日 星期二

主權在民是王道-民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。」(中)


「春秋無義戰! 彼善於此,則有之矣。"In the Spring and Autumn there are no righteous wars. Instances indeed there are of one war better than another. James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., p.478"」〈 孟子盡心下〉
春秋時代 沒有合乎義理的戰爭就仁道或人道立場而言出兵而不造成對方任何傷亡或有可取的例子。
鑑於孔子所著「春秋」,書中對於周天下諸侯互相攻伐,依「禮制」做出「譏貶」的負面評價。 孟子更依據仁道,進而做出「春秋無義戰」的評論。
「征者,上伐下也,敵國不相征也。"Correction is when the supreme authority punishes its subjects by force of arms. Hostile States do not correct one another. Ibid"(同上另論語季氏)
所謂「征」 征伐正之、糾正錯誤行為依周天下的禮制乃天子對於犯錯、有罪的諸侯下令出兵糾正。敵對諸侯,不得互相攻伐,引起戰爭。
故而,孟子說道「春秋無義戰」。沒有王令,出師無名,何有任何正義可言!
諸侯是否得以盟主地位,舉起「尊王攘夷」的旗幟,出兵糾正諸侯的僭越,大夫的謀篡 ?
孟子說道: 「五霸者,三王之罪人也!The five chiefs of the princes were sinners against three kings. Ibid, p.435"(孟子告子下)
依據周天下的封建體制,諸侯有上朝向天子述職的義務【 諸侯朝於天子曰述職"The princes attended at the court of the sovereign(son of Heaven),which was called Giving a report of office. Ibid,pp.435-436" (同上)】。因此,假定諸侯不上朝向天子述職,則有如下處置:
一不朝,則貶其爵"If a prince once omitted his attendance at court, he was punished by degradation of rank.Ibid" ( 同上)
一次不上朝述職,就貶其爵位。例如,從公爵貶為侯爵。
再不朝,則削其地"If he did so a second time, he was deprived of a portion of his territory.Ibid" ( 同上)
再次不上朝述職,就削減封邑。例如,從方百里削減為方七十里的封邑。
三不朝,則六師移之"If he did so a third time, the royal forces were set in motion, and he was removed from his government.Ibid"( 同上)
有三次不上朝述職的紀錄,天子則下令出兵,移除其諸侯地位,另立新諸侯。
天子對於「三不朝」的諸侯,出「王令」興六師,做征伐之舉,但天子不親自帶兵。 故而,「天子討而不伐"Thus the sovereign(son of Heaven) commanded the punishment, but did not himself inflict it.Ibid"」。( 同上) 而諸侯接受王令,出兵協助征伐,不得另外出令,謂之「諸侯伐而不討"While the princes inflicted the punishment, but did not command it.Ibid"( 同上)
然而,春秋五霸,以其盟主地位,假藉「尊王攘夷」名義,出令號召諸侯,興兵討伐諸侯,不避挾天子以號令諸侯、 號令天下之嫌,「摟諸侯以伐諸侯"dragged the princes to punish other princes.Ibid" (同上) 破壞夏禹、商湯、文武三王所建立的體制。
故而,孟子說道: 「五霸者,三王之罪人也!"The five chiefs of the princes were sinners against the three kings.Ibid"( 同上)
春秋五霸所揭示的「尊王攘夷」,事實上,衝擊三王所建立的統治體制(即王權) ,當一起回歸「王道」, 重拾「仁政」。
落實「王道」,主權在民,才有「尊王攘夷」之道!
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.17
2014/4/29再貼出

2014年4月28日 星期一

主權在民是王道-「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。」(上)


孟子提倡或不提倡「尊王攘夷"to swear allegiance to the royal family and to protect the kingdom from the invasion of barbarians or foreigners"
「仲尼之徒,無道桓文之事。是以後世無傳焉,臣未之聞也。無以,則王乎?"There were none of the disciples of Chung-ni who spoke about the affairs of Hwan and Wan, and therefore they have not been transmitted to these after-ages, your servant has not heard them, if you will have me speak, let it be about royal government(or popular sovereignty). James Legge, The Works of Mencius, op cit., p.138"孟子梁惠王上
  孟子直截了當,回答齊宣王:孔子門生不談齊桓公、晉文公的霸業。所以,孔門後代弟子不傳述,我也就無從聽聞。君王所問的事,誠然無可奉告,願聞王道?
  孟子不提倡尊王攘夷?只提倡王道!
  「桓公九合諸侯,不以兵車,管仲之力。"The duke Hwan assembled all the princes together (nine times), and that not with weapons of war and chariots, it was all through the influence of Kwan Chung. James Legge, Confucian Analects,op cit., p.282"論語憲問
  齊桓公九次會合諸侯締結盟約共同效忠周王室不必動用兵車武力完全是管仲的功勞。
  「管仲相桓公,霸諸侯,匡天下,民到于今受其賜。微管仲,吾其被髮左衽矣"Kwan Chung acted as prime minister to duke Hwan, made him leader of all the princes, and united and rectified the whole kingdom. Down to the present day, the people enjoy the gifts which he conferred. But for (or Without) Kwan Chung, we should now be wearing our hair unbound, and the lippets of our coats buttoning on the left side. Ibid"」(同上)
  管仲擔任齊桓公的宰相,治理齊地,民富兵強,使得桓公成為諸侯盟主,誓言「尊周室,攘夷狄,禁篡弒,抑兼併。」再匡正天下諸侯的僭越,和卿大夫的篡位,團結諸侯,北擊山戎,南伐楚國。直到現在,周天下人民得以生活安寧,皆拜管仲的厚賜。假定沒有管仲,我們都要被迫,編髮結辮或披頭散髮,衣襟左開或左扣,副蠻夷之邦、化外之民的打扮!
  孔子說過,「志士仁人,無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁。"The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue complete. Ibid. p.297"」(論語衛靈公)所以孔子的門生,如子路、子貢,認為管仲沒有追隨公子糾而殉死殺身以成仁,不是志士仁人?
  孔子認為,管仲輔佐齊桓公完成上述「尊王攘夷」的功業,是仁人志士!
  仁人志士不必同於一般平民百姓,為了小節,自盡於荒野溝渠,誰在乎他們是誰!
  孔子肯定管仲是仁人志士,因為,管仲輔佐齊桓公完成「尊王攘夷」的功業,因此,孔子肯定「尊王攘夷」?!
  既然孟子自承是孔門後代弟子,能不提倡「尊王攘夷」?
  尊王攘夷不是王道?
  假定尊王是王道,如何「尊一夫紂"to swear allegiance to the fellow Chau"」?
  因此,孟子只提倡「王道」,不是提倡「尊王」。
  因為,王道是基於「天與之,民與之"Heaven gave it to him, the people gave it to him"」「天受之,民受之"Heaven accepted him, the people accepted him"」的主權在民原理。故謂:「民為貴,社稷次之,君為輕。"The people are the most important element in a nation, the spirits of the land and grain are the next, the sovereign(the emperor) is the lightest. James Legge, The Works of Mencius,op cit., p.483"」(孟子盡心下)
 (取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2011.12.15
2014/4/28再貼出

2014年4月26日 星期六

孔子的機械論宇宙觀 (五)

「昔者文王之治歧也,耕者九一,仕者世祿"King Wan's government of Chi was as follows-The husbandmen cultivated for the government one-ninth of the land, the descendants of officers were salaried. James Legge, The Works of Mencius, op cit., pp.161-162"。」(孟子梁惠王下)
孟子指出,周文王(西伯姬昌)治理西岐時代,每戶農家領有一百畝私田,耕作五穀。農舍五畝地,周圍種桑,養蠶、養雞、養豬。如此,五十歲長者穿絲綢,天涼不受凍。七十歲老者,有肉吃,長夜不覺飢餓。而八戶農家共同出力,耕作一百畝公田。私田收成歸每戶農家,公田收成歸公家,無論豐收或歉收。這就是助而不稅的九一「井田制」。
因此,天下老者皆率家人到西岐耕作,家家衣食豐足,養老送終無憾。孟子稱此乃王道之始"The people nourish their living and bury their dead without any feeling against any, is the first step of royal government. Ibid. p. 131"。(孟子梁惠王上)
而且,文王施行「世祿制」,凡到西岐任職的官員,告老退休,除職位不由子孫接替外,其奉祿由子孫世世代代享有,因此,賢能俊傑樂於來到西岐任職,若姜太公即從東海來西岐養老,並以其賢能才智,受文王重用。爾後輔佐武王克紂,封於呂,兒子亦受周公封於齊。(參考孟子盡心上)
故而,孟子談王道,乃以文王治西岐的「仁政」為版本。
耕者的九一井田制與士大夫的世祿制,仍沿用於周朝的封建體制,亦為封建社會的庶民生活基礎,農夫因井田制而有恒產,讀書人因世祿制而有恒產,「有恆產者有恆心"If they have a certain livelihood, they will a fixed heart. Ibid.pp.239-240"」(孟子滕文公上)孝悌行於鄉里,民間安和樂利。
孔子時代,世祿制仍存在,是讀書人的出路所在。故而,孔子鼓勵學生:「學也,祿在其中矣!"So with learning, emolument may be found in it. James Legge, Confucian Analects, op cit.,p.301"」(論語、衛靈公)但是,「井田制」已遭破壞,故說:「耕也,餒在其中矣!"There is ploughing, even in that there is sometimes want. Ibid"」(同上)但勉勵學生:「君子謀道不謀食。….君子憂道不憂貧。"The object of the superior man is truth, food is not his object.......The superior is anxious lest he should not get truth, he is not anxious lest poverty should come upon him. Ibid"」(同上)
此「安貧樂道」精神,孟子亦以「無恆產而有恆心者,惟士為能。"They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. James Legge, The Works of Mencius,Ibid. P.147"」(孟子梁惠王上),延續儒家傳統。
究竟,孔子、孟子皆不忍見封建社會的不平等現象,謂:「不患寡而患不均,不患貧而患不安。」(論語季氏)尤其,農民瀕臨挨餓受凍!
孔子訴諸「封建制度」的恢復,而揭示「仁德」乃西周封建制度的基礎,孟子訴求「文王仁政」的恢復,王道始有立足點。而兩人的交集就在:恢復助而不稅的九一井田制與個人避開世祿制.
孔、孟的最高指導原則可見於:
「仲尼祖述堯舜,憲章文武,…. 萬物並育而不相害,道並行而不相悖。小德川流,大德敦化。此天地之所以為大也。"Chung-ni handed down the doctrines of Yao and Sun, as if they had been his ancestors, and elegantly displayed of Wan and Wu, taking them as his model......All things are nourished together without their injuring one another. The courses of seasons, and of the sun and moon are pursued without any collision among them. The smaller energies are like river currents, the greater energies are seen in mighty transformations. It is this which makes heaven and earth so great. James Legge.The doctrine of the Mean,pp. 427-428"」(中庸第三十一章)
孔子的機械論宇宙觀 ,立基於自然神論,可見一斑。
 (取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.15
20140427再貼出


2014年4月25日 星期五

孔子的機械論宇宙觀 (四)

周武王、周公旦基於「王朝可以更代,宗祀不能滅絕」,故而,分封王族土地,供其建國,以「興滅國,繼絕世。」家、家族的價值與基礎,完整保留。因此,孔子沒有亡國、滅族的感受。
在「封建制度」的規範下,天子與諸侯、貴族,以「禮」為制約。孔子認為此封建制度內涵「仁德」?
孔子以其機械論宇宙觀-「為政以德。譬如北辰,居其所,而眾星共之。」-「無為而治」,表達其對於內涵仁德的封建制度,其認同與肯定?「仁德」就是「萬有引力」?「禮」就是「秩序」?
但是,在此「封建制度」下,身分、階級世襲且分明,統治者與被統治者已區分嚴明,封建社會已形成。孔子接受封建社會?
孔子三歲喪父,母親非正室,同父異母的長兄是「嫡長子」,孔子沒有任何繼承權。而孔子由其母親單獨扶養,在單親家庭成長。年少,幫人看羊、做雜事。年長,幫人管帳、管倉儲,做小吏使。故而,孔子不禁說道:「吾少也賤,故多能鄙事。"When I was young, my condition was low, and therefore I acquired my ability in many things, but they were mean matters. James Legge,Confucian Analects,op cit., p.218"」(論語子罕)
孔子不認為自己是封建社會的被壓迫者,仍以恢復「封建制度」為其天命?
「天下有道,則禮樂征伐自天子出。….天下有道,則政不在大夫。天下有道,則庶人不議。"When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven.''''''When right principles prevail in the kingdom, government will not be in the hands of the Great officers. When right principles prevail in the kingdom, there will be no discussions among the common people. Ibid.p.218"」(論語季氏)
孔子的「身分」,介於大夫與庶民間,既肯定封建制度,又接受封建社會,為什麼?
(取材自Alex Pan’s Digest)
Alex Pan TheWalker
2012.01.13
2014/4/26再貼出



2014年4月24日 星期四

後記(25)


孔子周遊列國
途中
童子築城於道路

孔子下車請童子讓路
童子曰  未聞城讓車之道

孔子鞠躬折返家鄉
著春秋 終身講學
一代大宗師是也

理性自發 給予吾人一普遍道德法
當為
318諸青年學子進入國會議場
築起人民作主之城
阻擋滅台木馬的侵入

惠我(台灣人民)良多  功同再造(喚醒人民作主的意識 )
王金平當有同感
惠我(立法院)良多  功同再造(喚醒國會自主的意識 )
故而
不下驅逐令
承諾
先立法  後審查
回歸人民作主的立法院

立法院屬於人民
總統和行政院長不得侵犯

據於理性
與憲政原理
當為

王金平院長
代表人民
告發

馬英九和江宜樺
侵犯國會自主與藐視國會
公開宣示
服貿協議條文  一個字都不能改

並提起國會自主釋憲案
不允許檢調對於318410的國會狀況
進行偵查

當然
院長可以公開宣示
政府官員應有放無薪假的心理準備

立法院以民意為依歸
人民作主

天祐台灣

Alex Pan TheWalker    
2014 04 24